Which term means to punish severely or criticize harshly?

The term that means to punish severely or criticize harshly is "castigate." This word is derived from the Latin "castigare," which means to correct or to punish. It conveys a sense of a stern reprimand or severe discipline, often aimed at correcting behavior or pointing out faults. In contexts such as disciplinary actions or critiques, using "castigate" emphasizes the intensity and seriousness of the punishment or criticism involved.

In contrast, the other terms have opposite or differing meanings: "encourage" suggests providing support or confidence to someone, "reward" implies giving something in recognition of good behavior or achievements, and "advocate" refers to supporting or recommending a cause or person. These alternatives do not relate to punishment or criticism in any way, reinforcing "castigate" as the only term that aligns with the inquiry.